现货市场能否成为电力市场化改革的“最后一公里”?

发布时间：2016-12-07 文章来源：阅读次数：1153 【大中小】

　　一直以来，我国电力行业始终以“企业为国家办电，国家管控企业经营”的状态现存，项目核准制、价格审批制、年度计划电量分配制均处在套闭环机制下。2002年电力体制改革推行厂网分离以来，东北、华东区域开展电力市场试点，各地开展跨省区电能交易、电力直接交易、发电权交易等。其中，电力直接交易开展范围最广泛，交易量增长最快，不过仍等于或低于政府标杆电价的单边降价机制，仍未形成反映供需变化的价格信号。
　　
　　“电力的市场化，就是要在满足电力系统实时平衡的基础上，实现电能的发、用数量和价格可以像普通商品一样由购售双方协商决定。”参与电改的有关部门人士表示，按照“1+N”的模式，对交易的组织、校核、执行、结算、偏差处理、信息反馈、市场干预等进行规定，建立较完整的中长期交易体系，初步满足近阶段各类市场交易需求。
　　
　　现货市场的建设，无疑是电力市场化的关键所在，是决定市场化改革能否成功的“最后一公里”。预计下一步的现货市场试点将以短期、即时交易为侧重点，通过市场机制形成发用电调度方式、平衡电力供需、管理输电阻塞和提供辅助服务，通过市场机制发现价格信号。
　　
　　目前，全国仅有两个国家级电力交易中心，即北京电力交易中心和广州电力交易中心。电力交易中心的存在，加快了国家指令性计划、地方间框架协议的落实，主要以大宗的中长期交易为主。2016年，将引入发电企业和大用户通过省间交易平台直接交易。而省域级的电力交易中心则主要实现小宗的中长期和现货交易。
　　
　　与此同时，新疆、青海、宁夏、天津、吉林、江苏、内蒙古东部、黑龙江、山东、河北、贵州、上海、福建、陕西、四川、安徽、河南等相继成立了17家省级电力市场交易中心。云南表示将组建昆明电力交易中心，面向省内外开放，待条件成熟还将开展跨境电力交易。此外，华北、华中电力交易中心组建和区域市场建设也在酝酿中。
　　
　　值得注意的是，国网经营区域内已成立的省级电力交易机构均以其全资子公司的模式组建，而南网区域内则是电网相对控股模式。“目前交易中心的远期计划电量分配，并未触及电网分配资源的核心权力，没有调度体制和结算体制的变化，电力市场交易还不具备完全竞争性。改革进一步推进的开关还掌握在电网的手中。”中国社科院财经战略研究院副研究员冯永晟表示，当前地方上特别是资源大省的电改热情十分高涨，除了实现市场化的目的，还有可见的降电价红利。在目前供大于求的背景下，各地电力交易竞价激烈，降价幅度越来越大。

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